The Planum Temporale (PT) is a cortical area posterior to Heschl's gyrus and within the Sylvian fissure. Hemispheric PT asymmetry of functional activation during hearing- or language-related tasks is well-established. Due to the role of the PT in language processing, we examined its contribution to phi-feature agreement processing.The theory of Phi-features (Ackema and Neeleman, 2018, 2019) has proposed two core hypotheses for Number and Person agreements. First, R-expressions do not have Person, while pronouns do. Second, all Persons have a Person feature. By contrast, singular is the absence of a Number feature. This account is based, among others, on the evidence reported by Zawiszewski, Santesteban and Laka (2016) and Mancini et al. (2017), which proposes two generalizations for fMRI activation when the verb carries incorrect agreement. In sentences with R-expressions as subject, Person behaves qualitatively differently from Number and will have a quantitatively larger effect. In sentences with pronouns as subject, there are no qualitative differences between Person and Number, but Person will have a quantitatively larger effect. Recently, Meykadeh et al. (in press) addressed the case where R-expressions and Pronouns were used as subject, respectively, for Number and Person Violations and showed that Number Violations evoked more effects than Person Violations in posterior Superior Temporal Gyrus. The authors suggested that R-expression and pronoun processing are qualitatively different. It is currently unknown whether this pattern is also true for the PT area. Hence, in the present analysis we investigated the contribution of PT to Phi-features processing of L1 and L2 sentences.The current study addresses the following questions:To what extent is left and right PT involved in Phi-features processing by balanced bilinguals?How does the PT area contribute to L1-L2 Number-Person Phi-features processing?Is the PT area equipped with feature-mapping mechanism to identify Number and Person features?To answer these questions, we adapted a bilingual task with an alternating language switching paradigm, in a population of balanced bilinguals and applied fMRI recordings.

This article studies the diachronic development of reflexive pronouns derived from xod in New Persian, i. e. 10th to 20th centuries. Not in all centuries of New Persian one can find the indexation. . .

Inflection in Mazandarni is one of the most important linguistic phenomena that no comprehensive research has been done about it yet and it has been always a lateral research subject. Doing such a research, however, has a great priority, because it can make clear the dark points of inflection in this language. In this regard, the present article, first, describes and studies the inflectional features of tense, Person and Number in simple verbs of Mazandarani. Then, after a brief explanation about the inflection process and its fundamental concepts, it tries to identify these three features and different ways of their manifestation. By doing so, it is to make clear the unclear and dubious issues like the infinitive-maker suffix /essen/, inflections modality, inflectional prefixes modality, phonological changes caused by adding affixes to the verb stem, and finally the inflectional features of present perfect.

Introduction: Copy Number variation (CNV) consist of deletion, insertion, and duplications. It is an important source of genetic variation in organisms and thus influences on the gene expression and phenotypic variation. Copy Number variation (CNV) is one of the structural variant with an intermediate size class larger than 50bp which involves unbalanced rearrangements that increase or decrease the amount of DNA (Pirooznia et al 2015, Alkan et al 2011). The size of CNVs is larger than 50bp, while smaller segments are known as insertions or deletions (indels). Thereupon these structural variations comprise more polymorphic than SNPs because of enormity, detection of them and their effect on phenotype has caught the attention of many researchers recently. It has been reported that CNVs changes in gene dosage and regulation as well as in transcript structure, and thus contribute to phenotypic variability (Pirooznia et al 2015, Alkan et al 2011). The pea-comb phenotype is caused by a CNV mapping to intron 1 of the SRY (sex determining region Y)-box 5 (SOX5) gene (Wright et al. 2009). Late feathering in chickens is due to incomplete duplication in PRLR and SPEF2 genes (Elfrink et al. 2008). In swine, dominant white colour has been related with a duplication of a 450-kb fragment of the KIT gene (Giuffra et al. 1999) and a splice mutation causing the skipping of exon 17 (Giuffra et al. 1999). In sheep, doubling in the ASIP gene results in the regulation of pigment in body coat (Norris et al. 2008). Doubling the 4.6 k base pair into the six introns of the STX17 gene results in a gray body color in the horse with age. Deletion of the intergenic region with a length of 11.7 kbp in the goat genome leads to the removal of horns (Clop et al. 2012). Chicken is the most intensively farmed animal on earth and is a major food source with billions of birds used in meat and egg production each year. A big share of chicken CNVs involves protein coding or regulatory sequences. A comprehensive study of chicken CNV can provide valuable information on genetic diversity and assist future analyses of associations between CNV and economically important traits in chickens. Unique chicken genome with macro and micro chromosomes and its biology make it an ideal organism for studies in development and evolution, as well as applications in agriculture and medicine (Burt 2005). In the last several years, There has been an increasing interest in the study of CNVs in the chicken. This study focuses on comparison of CNV between the broilers and layers chicken to find evidence of domestication on the genome using whole genome sequencing.Material and methods: we used n=90 female birds of two commercial broiler (n=40) and layer (n=50) chicken. The broilers (BRs) were represented by 20 DNA samples of each of two lines (BRA and BRB) established independently and previously collected as part of the AVIANDIV project. In the layer group (LRs), data from 25 birds each from purebred white (WL) and brown (BL) egg laying populations, sequenced in the frame of the SYNBREED project (http://www.synbreed.tum.de/index.php?id=2 ,(were included. The paired-end reads with a read length of 101bp were mapped against the current reference genome assembly Galgal6 using the Burrows-Wheeler aligner (bwa, 0.6.2-r126 Version, with default parameters. Duplicate reads were masked during post-processing using the Picard tool set (version 2.9.2, http://picard.sourceforge.net). Finally, Genome Analysis Toolkit-3.3.0 was used to realign reads for correcting errors caused by InDels. Using GATK software package and Depth Of Coverage function (McKenna et al 2010), the depth of readings was calculated for each sample. Then filter out reads with mapping quality below 20. Because comparing the genomes of individuals in different groups was time consuming and computationally difficult for all parts of the genome, the genomes of each individual were divided into 1000 bp non-overlapping windows and the average reading depth per window was calculated. Then the results were normalized against the BL sample that showed highest average depth. In short, we created a correction factor per population and applied it on the depth of coverage value for each window. For all the contrasts, we performed an analysis of variance (ANOVA) as described (Carneiro et al 2014). For the Broilers-Layers contrast we scanned 935247 windows. 70372 windows showed significant by FDR with P < 0.001, with ANOVA using the Benjamini-Hochberg FDR method for multiple corrections (Benjamini and Hochberg 1995).Results and discussion: Mapping sequencing data to galGal6 assembly showed an average 98.61% mapping rate and 11.51 depth. Manhattan plot was plotted for regions of the genome that differed significantly between the two groups (FDR = 0.001). The points above the hypothetical line were identified and examined in a 25 Kbp confidence interval to identify possible genes. 39 regions were identified that half of them dose not contain any genes. Although Long noncoding RNAs are under lower selective pressure than protein-coding genes (Batista and Chang 2013), The other 11 regions contained 16 genes related to long non-coding RNAs. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) play a critical role in organizing the 3-dimensional genome architecture and regulating gene activity in cis or in trans through multiple mechanisms (Zhang et al 2019, Batista and Chang 2013). 6 othere regions also contained 12 coding genes. Most of the identified genes were somehow linked to the immune system disease or cancer. Genes such as DEDs and TNFAIP8 are involved in programmed cell death (apoptosis) and two genes NPAL3 and RCAN, which are involved in the immune system, had a copy Number variation in the studied samples. In addition RCAN is involved in Down syndrome. The PFDN gene, located on chromosome 25, is also involved in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease.

Introduction: One of the causes of error and perturbation in isodose curves in conventional radiotherapy treatment planning is the existence of tissues having either very high density (bone, prosthesis) or very low density (lung, air cavities). Nowadays, the use of CT images to solve this problem is growing, and so is the need for calibration curves that convert the CT-Number of the tissue to electron density for dose calculation. The conventional method to obtain this curve is purely measurement-based, in which a phantom containing various materials of known electron densities is imaged. Alternatively, a more fundamental method of stoichiometry has been used in this work.Material and Methods: For the stoichiometric method, initially a cylindrical polyethylene phantom was built. The phantom consists of inserts of high-purity aluminum, PVC, polyethylene, water and cork to model hard bone, skeleton, fat, muscle and lung tissues, respectively. CT imaging was then performed at 120 kVp using a spiral CT scanner (GE model NXI). A system of simultaneous equations was solved to get the appropriate CT-Number to electron-density conversion for each tissue type using the CT-Numbers from the phantom images, the physical and radiological data of the materials. A conversion curve showing the variation of CT-Number with relative electron density was also plotted. The result of the stoichiometric conversion was then compared to that from other methods.Results: The system of simultaneous equations yielded the factors, the experimental and the computed CT-Numbers were compared. The highest uncertainty was estimated to be approximately 5.6% for a relatively high-density material such as aluminum and 4% for polyethylene. The curves representing the electron density based on CT-Number start diverging at CT-Number equal to zero and above.Discussion and Conclusion: Comparing the results obtained from the experimental and computational methods suggest an acceptable level of accuracy for the computational (stoichiometric) conversion. The uncertainty in the electron density obtained is greater for materials of higher electron density.

The effect of Number of mating on longevity and fecundity of the predatory mite Euseius scutalis Athias-henriot was studied under laboratory conditions (at 25±1 ºC, 60 ± 5 % RH and 16: 8 L:D). Newly emerged adult females (less than 24 h) were held individually in a 9 cm arena. A male (less than 24 h) remained with a female for limited periods of time or continuously. Four treatments were designed: virgin females, single mated females, multiple mated females (female had access to a male every five days), multiple mated females (female had continuous access to a male). Mating was necessary for oviposition. Virgin females lived the longest (25 days). However, no significant differences were found among longevity of mated females (12- 15). Similarly, no significant differences were detected among fecundity of females with different Numbers of mating (18- 22 eggs). Sex ratio was significantly female-biased in progeny of single mated females and multiple mated females with periodic access to male. However, no significant difference was found in sex ratio of progeny of multiple mated females with continuous access to male.